This page was generated from unit-1.2-coefficient/coefficientfunction.ipynb.
1.2 CoefficientFunctions¶
In NGSolve, CoefficientFunctions are representations of functions defined on the computational domain. Examples are expressions of coordinate variables \(x, y, z\) and functions that are constant on subdomains. Much of the magic behind the seamless integration of NGSolve with python lies in CoefficientFunctions. This tutorial introduces you to them.
After this tutorial you will know how to
define a
CoefficientFunction,visualize a
CoefficientFunction,evaluate
CoefficientFunctions at points,print the expression tree of
CoefficientFunction,integrate a
CoefficientFunction,differentiate a
CoefficientFunction,include parameter in
CoefficientFunctions,interpolate a
CoefficientFunctioninto a finite element space,define vector-valued
CoefficientFunctions, andcompile
CoefficientFunctions.
[1]:
from ngsolve import *
from ngsolve.webgui import Draw
from netgen.geom2d import unit_square
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
mesh = Mesh (unit_square.GenerateMesh(maxh=0.2))
Generate Mesh from spline geometry
Boundary mesh done, np = 20
CalcLocalH: 20 Points 0 Elements 0 Surface Elements
Meshing domain 1 / 1
load internal triangle rules
Surface meshing done
Edgeswapping, topological
Smoothing
Split improve
Combine improve
Smoothing
Edgeswapping, metric
Smoothing
Split improve
Combine improve
Smoothing
Edgeswapping, metric
Smoothing
Split improve
Combine improve
Smoothing
Update mesh topology
Update clusters
Define a function¶
[2]:
myfunc = x*(1-x)
myfunc # You have just created a CoefficientFunction
[2]:
<ngsolve.fem.CoefficientFunction at 0x7f2d8c7de4a0>
[3]:
x # This is a built-in CoefficientFunction
[3]:
<ngsolve.fem.CoefficientFunction at 0x7f2dbc072400>
Visualize the function¶
Use the mesh to visualize the function in Netgen’s GUI.
[4]:
Draw(myfunc, mesh, "firstfun")
[4]:
BaseWebGuiScene
Evaluate the function¶
[5]:
mip = mesh(0.2, 0.2)
myfunc(mip)
[5]:
0.16000000000000003
Note that myfunc(0.2,0.3) will not evaluate the function: one must give points in the form of MappedIntegrationPoints like mip above. The mesh knows how to produce them.
Examining functions on sets of points¶
[6]:
pts = [(0.1*i, 0.2) for i in range(10)]
vals = [myfunc(mesh(*p)) for p in pts]
for p,v in zip(pts, vals):
print("point=(%3.2f,%3.2f), value=%6.5f"
%(p[0], p[1], v))
point=(0.00,0.20), value=0.00000
point=(0.10,0.20), value=0.09000
point=(0.20,0.20), value=0.16000
point=(0.30,0.20), value=0.21000
point=(0.40,0.20), value=0.24000
point=(0.50,0.20), value=0.25000
point=(0.60,0.20), value=0.24000
point=(0.70,0.20), value=0.21000
point=(0.80,0.20), value=0.16000
point=(0.90,0.20), value=0.09000
We may plot the restriction of the CoefficientFunction on a line using matplotlib.
[7]:
px = [0.01*i for i in range(100)]
vals = [myfunc(mesh(p,0.5)) for p in px]
plt.plot(px,vals)
plt.xlabel('x')
plt.show()
Expression tree of a function¶
Internally, coefficient functions are implemented as an expression tree made from building blocks like x, y, sin, etc., and arithmetic operations.
E.g., the expression tree for myfunc = x*(1-x) looks like this:
[8]:
print(myfunc)
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
Integrate a function¶
We can numerically integrate the function using the mesh:
[9]:
Integrate(myfunc, mesh)
[9]:
0.16666666666666596
You can change the precision of the quadrature rule used for the integration using the key word argument order.
Differentiate a function¶
Automatic differentiation of a CoefficientFunction is now possible through the Diff method. Here is how you get \(\partial / \partial x\) of myfunc:
[10]:
diff_myfunc = myfunc.Diff(x)
Draw(diff_myfunc, mesh, "derivative")
[10]:
BaseWebGuiScene
See if you can recognize an implementation of the product rule
\[\frac{\partial}{\partial x} x (1-x)
=
\frac{\partial x}{\partial x}
(1-x) +
x\frac{\partial (1-x)}{\partial x}\]
in the tree-representation of the differentiated coefficient function, printed below.
[11]:
print(diff_myfunc)
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef 1, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef scale -1, real
coef 1, real
Parameters in functions¶
When building complex coefficient functions from simple ones like x and y, you may often want to introduce Parameters, which are constants whose value may be changed later.
[12]:
k = Parameter(1.0)
f = sin(k*y)
Draw(f, mesh, "f")
[12]:
BaseWebGuiScene
The same f may be given a different value of k later:
[13]:
k.Set(10)
Draw(f, mesh, "f")
[13]:
BaseWebGuiScene
Look at the expression tree of f:
[14]:
print(f)
coef unary operation 'sin', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef N5ngfem28ParameterCoefficientFunctionIdEE, real
coef coordinate y, real
Note how the Parameter is now a node in the expression tree. You can differentiate a coefficient function with respect to such quantities by passing it as argument to Diff:
[15]:
f.Diff(k)
[15]:
<ngsolve.fem.CoefficientFunction at 0x7f2d8c2dc950>
[16]:
Integrate((f.Diff(k) - y*cos(k*y))**2, mesh)
[16]:
0.0
Interpolate a function¶
We may Set a GridFunction using a CoefficientFunction:
[17]:
fes = H1(mesh, order=1)
u = GridFunction(fes)
u.Set(myfunc)
Draw(u) # Cf. Draw(myfunc, mesh, "firstfun")
setvalues element 54/54
[17]:
BaseWebGuiScene
The
Setmethod interpolatesmyfuncto an elementuin the finite element space.Setdoes an Oswald-type interpolation as follows:It first zeros the grid function;
It then projects
myfuncin \(L^2\) on each mesh element;It then averages dofs on element interfaces for conformity.
We will see other ways to interpolate in 2.10.
Vector-valued CoefficientFunction¶
Here is an example of a vector-valued coefficient function.
[18]:
vecfun = CoefficientFunction((-y, sin(x)))
Draw(vecfun, mesh, "vecfun")
[18]:
BaseWebGuiScene
Click on Draw Surface Vectors in the Visual menu to visualize this vector field.
Another example of a vector-valued coefficient function is the gradient of the above-set GridFunction.
[19]:
u.Set(myfunc)
gradu = grad(u)
Draw(gradu, mesh, "grad_firstfun")
setvalues element 54/54
[19]:
BaseWebGuiScene
Compiled CoefficientFunction¶
Evaluation of a CoefficientFunction at a point is usually done by traversing its expression tree and evaluating each node of the tree. When the tree has repeated nodes, this is likely wasteful. NGSolve allows you to “compile” a CoefficientFunction to increase the efficiency of its evaluation. The compilation translates the expression tree into a sequence of linear steps.
Continuing with our simple myfunc example, here is how to use the Compile method:
[20]:
myfunc_compiled = myfunc.Compile()
Compiled CF:
N5ngfem24CoordCoefficientFunctionE
N5ngfem27ConstantCoefficientFunctionE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_12GenericMinusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
inputs =
0:
1:
2: 1 0
3: 0 2
Now look at the differences between the compiled and non-compiled CoefficientFunction:
[21]:
print(myfunc)
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
[22]:
print(myfunc_compiled)
Compiled CF:
Step 0: coordinate x
Step 1: 1
Step 2: binary operation '-'
input: 1 0
Step 3: binary operation '*'
input: 0 2
Evaluation of the compiled function is now a linear sequence of Steps 0, 1, 2, and 3 above. We understand the printed description of Steps 2 and 3 above to mean the following.
Step 2: (Output of Step 1) - (Output of Step 0)
Step 3: (Output of Step 0) * (Output of Step 2)
Here is another example, along with differences in timings for integrating the coefficient function on the mesh.
[23]:
f0 = myfunc
f1 = f0*y
f2 = f1*f1 + f1*f0 + f0*f0
f3 = f2*f2*f2*f0**2 + f0*f2**2 + f0**2 + f1**2 + f2**2
final = f3 + f3 + f3
finalc = final.Compile()
Compiled CF:
N5ngfem24CoordCoefficientFunctionE
N5ngfem27ConstantCoefficientFunctionE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_12GenericMinusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem24CoordCoefficientFunctionE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
inputs =
0:
1:
2: 1 0
3: 0 2
4:
5: 3 4
6: 5 5
7: 5 3
8: 6 7
9: 3 3
10: 8 9
11: 10 10
12: 11 10
13: 3 3
14: 12 13
15: 10 10
16: 3 15
17: 14 16
18: 3 3
19: 17 18
20: 5 5
21: 19 20
22: 10 10
23: 21 22
24: 23 23
25: 24 23
[24]:
%timeit Integrate(final, mesh, order=10)
1.45 ms ± 63.4 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)
[25]:
%timeit Integrate(finalc, mesh, order=10)
183 µs ± 253 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)
If your NGSolve installation has a compiler script (you likely do if you built from source using a compiler), then you have the option of letting that compiler optimize your coefficient function further. Here is an example:
[26]:
finalcc = final.Compile(realcompile=True, wait=True)
Compiled CF:
N5ngfem24CoordCoefficientFunctionE
N5ngfem27ConstantCoefficientFunctionE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_12GenericMinusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem24CoordCoefficientFunctionE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
inputs =
0:
1:
2: 1 0
3: 0 2
4:
5: 3 4
6: 5 5
7: 5 3
8: 6 7
9: 3 3
10: 8 9
11: 10 10
12: 11 10
13: 3 3
14: 12 13
15: 10 10
16: 3 15
17: 14 16
18: 3 3
19: 17 18
20: 5 5
21: 19 20
22: 10 10
23: 21 22
24: 23 23
25: 24 23
Compiled CF:
step 0: N5ngfem24CoordCoefficientFunctionE
step 1: N5ngfem27ConstantCoefficientFunctionE
step 2: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_12GenericMinusEEE
step 3: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
step 4: N5ngfem24CoordCoefficientFunctionE
step 5: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
step 6: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
step 7: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
step 8: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
step 9: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
step 10: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
step 11: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
step 12: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
step 13: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
step 14: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
step 15: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
step 16: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
step 17: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
step 18: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
step 19: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
step 20: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
step 21: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
step 22: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericMultEEE
step 23: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
step 24: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
step 25: N5ngfem13cl_BinaryOpCFINS_11GenericPlusEEE
compiling...
linking...
done
[27]:
%timeit Integrate(finalcc, mesh, order=10)
127 µs ± 5.79 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)
[28]:
print(finalc)
Compiled CF:
Step 0: coordinate x
Step 1: 1
Step 2: binary operation '-'
input: 1 0
Step 3: binary operation '*'
input: 0 2
Step 4: coordinate y
Step 5: binary operation '*'
input: 3 4
Step 6: binary operation '*'
input: 5 5
Step 7: binary operation '*'
input: 5 3
Step 8: binary operation '+'
input: 6 7
Step 9: binary operation '*'
input: 3 3
Step 10: binary operation '+'
input: 8 9
Step 11: binary operation '*'
input: 10 10
Step 12: binary operation '*'
input: 11 10
Step 13: binary operation '*'
input: 3 3
Step 14: binary operation '*'
input: 12 13
Step 15: binary operation '*'
input: 10 10
Step 16: binary operation '*'
input: 3 15
Step 17: binary operation '+'
input: 14 16
Step 18: binary operation '*'
input: 3 3
Step 19: binary operation '+'
input: 17 18
Step 20: binary operation '*'
input: 5 5
Step 21: binary operation '+'
input: 19 20
Step 22: binary operation '*'
input: 10 10
Step 23: binary operation '+'
input: 21 22
Step 24: binary operation '+'
input: 23 23
Step 25: binary operation '+'
input: 24 23
[29]:
print(final)
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '+', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef coordinate y, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '*', real
coef coordinate x, real
coef binary operation '-', real
coef 1, real
coef coordinate x, real