1.5 Spaces and forms on subdomains

In NGSolve, finite element spaces can be defined on subdomains. This is useful for multiphysics problems like fluid-structure interaction.

In addition, bilinear or linear forms can be defined as integrals over regions. Regions are parts of the domain. They may be subdomains, or parts of the domain boundary, or parts of subdomain interfaces.

In [1]:
import netgen.gui
%gui tk
from netgen.geom2d import *
from ngsolve import *

Naming subdomains and boundaries

We define a geometry with multiple regions and assign names to these regions below:

In [2]:
geo = SplineGeometry()
geo.AddRectangle((0,0), (2,2),
                 bcs=["b","r","t","l"],
                 leftdomain=1)
geo.AddRectangle((1,0.9), (1.3,1.4),
                 bcs=["b2","r2","t2","l2"],
                 leftdomain=2, rightdomain=1)
geo.SetMaterial (1, "outer")
geo.SetMaterial (2, "inner")
mesh = Mesh(geo.GenerateMesh(maxh=0.1))
  • These statements define two rectangular subdomain regions named “inner”, “outer”.
  • The bottom, right, top and left parts of the outer rectangle’s boundaries define boundary regions, respectively labeled “b”, “r”, “t”, “l”.
  • Similarly, the bottom, right, top and left parts of the inner rectangle’s boundaries are regions named “b2”, “r2”, “t2”, “l2”.
  • When you select the Mesh tab in the Netgen window’s Graphical User Interface (GUI) and double click on a point, the two subdomains are rendered in different colors. (You should also see the subdomain outlines in the Netgen window when you select the Geometry tab.)

A finite element space on a subdomain

In [3]:
fes1 = H1(mesh, definedon="inner")

u1 = GridFunction(fes1, "u1")
u1.Set(x*y)
Draw(u1)

Note how \(u_1\) is displayed only in the inner region.

Integrating on regions

You have already seen how boundary regions are used in setting Dirichlet boundary conditions.

In [4]:
fes = H1(mesh, order=3, dirichlet="b|l|r")

u, v = fes.TnT()
gfu = GridFunction(fes)

Boundary regions or subdomains can also serve as domains of integration.

In [5]:
f = LinearForm(fes)
f += SymbolicLFI(u1*v, definedon=mesh.Materials("inner"))
f += SymbolicLFI(0.1*v, definedon=mesh.Boundaries("t"))
f.Assemble()

Here the functional \(f\) is defined as a sum of two integrals, one over the inner subdomain, and another over the top boundary:

\[f(v) = \int_{\Omega_{inner}} u_1 v \; dx + \int_{\Gamma_{top}} \frac{v}{10}\; ds\]

Note: SymbolicLFI has no information about the mesh. Hence its not enough to give it the just the name of the region (“inner”, or “t”). We must give it the region objects (named by the “inner” and “t” labels) using the definedon flag.

In [6]:
a = BilinearForm(fes)
a += SymbolicBFI(grad(u)*grad(v))
a.Assemble()

# Solve the problem:
gfu.vec.data = a.mat.Inverse(fes.FreeDofs()) * f.vec
Draw (gfu)

More about region objects

In [7]:
mesh.GetMaterials()    # list all subdomains
Out[7]:
('outer', 'inner')
In [8]:
mesh.GetBoundaries()   # list boundary/interface regions
Out[8]:
('b', 'r', 't', 'l', 'b2', 'r2', 't2', 'l2')
In [9]:
mesh.Materials("inner") # look at object's type
Out[9]:
<ngsolve.comp.Region at 0x7f1a3434bf10>
In [10]:
mesh.Boundaries("t")    # same type!
Out[10]:
<ngsolve.comp.Region at 0x7f1a3434b8f0>

Operations with regions

Print region information:

In [11]:
print(mesh.Materials("inner").Mask())
print(mesh.Materials("[a-z]*").Mask())  # can use regexp
print(mesh.Boundaries('t|l').Mask())
0: 01
0: 11
0: 00110000

Add regions:

In [12]:
io = mesh.Materials("inner") + mesh.Materials("outer")
print(io.Mask())
0: 11

Take complement of a region:

In [13]:
c = ~mesh.Materials("inner")
print(c.Mask())
0: 10

Subtract regions:

In [14]:
diff = mesh.Materials("inner|outer") - mesh.Materials("outer")
print(diff.Mask())
0: 01

Set a piecewise constant CoefficientFunction using the subdomains:

In [15]:
domain_values = {'inner': 3.7,  'outer': 1}
values_list = [domain_values[mat]
               for mat in mesh.GetMaterials()]
cf = CoefficientFunction(values_list)
Draw(cf, mesh, 'piecewise')

Coefficients on boundary regions are given similarly. Let’s make a linear function that equals 2 at the bottom right vertex of current domain (0,2) x (0,2) and equals zero at the remaining vertices.

In [16]:
bdry_values = {'b': x, 'r': 2-y}
values_list = [bdry_values[bc]
               if bc in bdry_values.keys() else 0
               for bc in mesh.GetBoundaries()]
cf = CoefficientFunction(values_list)
Draw(cf, mesh, 'piecewise')

Pitfall! Look at the GUI output. Is this what we expected?

What happened here? The object cf has no information on boundary regions, so it cannot associate the list of values to boundary regions. By default, the list of values are assumed to be subdomain values.

To associate these values to boundary regions, we use a GridFunction and Set, which also lets us view an extension of these boundary values into the domain.

In [17]:
g = GridFunction(H1(mesh), name='bdry')
g.Set(cf, definedon=~mesh.Boundaries(''))
Draw(g, max=2, min=0)

If you think that specifying the whole boundary using

~mesh.Boundaries('')

is convoluted, then you may use

g.Set(cf, definedon=mesh.Boundaries('b|r')).
In [18]:
g.Set(cf, definedon=mesh.Boundaries('b|r'))
Redraw()

What happens if you Set using b and then on r?

In [19]:
g.Set(cf, definedon=mesh.Boundaries('b'))
g.Set(cf, definedon=mesh.Boundaries('r'))
Redraw()

Pitfall! We see an unexpected behavior in the GUI. This is because each Set begins by zeroing the grid function - so any previous values are lost!

What happens if you use

g.Set(cf, BND)

instead?

In [20]:
g = GridFunction(H1(mesh))
g.Set(cf, BND)
Draw(g, max=2, min=0)

Pitfall! We do not obtain the previous result because the keyword BND directs Set to only set the data in boundary regions marked as dirichlet.

In [21]:
g = GridFunction(H1(mesh, dirichlet='b|r'))
g.Set(cf, BND)
Draw(g, max=2, min=0)

Unused dofs

Its important not to get confused with the ndof of spaces defined on subdomains. For example:

In [22]:
fes1 = H1(mesh, definedon="inner")
fes = H1(mesh)
fes1.ndof, fes.ndof
Out[22]:
(504, 504)

Thus the ndofs are the same for spaces on one subdomain and the whole domain.

However, FreeDofs show that the real number of degrees of freedom for the subdomain space is much smaller:

In [23]:
print(fes1.FreeDofs())
0: 00001111000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
50: 00000000000000000000000000000000001111111111111100
100: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
150: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
200: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
250: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
300: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
350: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
400: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
450: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000011111111111
500: 1111

One can also glean this information by examining CouplingType of each degrees of freedom of the space, which reveals that there are many unknowns of type COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF.

In [24]:
for i in range(fes1.ndof):
    print(fes1.CouplingType(i))
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
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COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
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COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
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COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
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COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.UNUSED_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF
COUPLING_TYPE.WIREBASKET_DOF

We shall learn about the other types of dofs you see here in other tutorial sections.